Description of the Project:-


Content-addressable memory (CAM) is a special type of computer Memory used in certain very high speed searching applications. It is also known as associative memory, associative storage, or associative array.

Content-addressable memory (CAM) is frequently used in applications,

such as lookup tables, databases, associative computing, and networking, that require high-speed searches due to its ability to improve application performance by using parallel comparison to reduce search time. Although the use of parallel comparison results in reduced search time, it also significantly increases power consumption. In this paper, we propose a Block-XOR approach to improve the efficiency of low power precomputation- based CAM (PB-CAM). Compared with the ones-count PB-CAM system, the experimental results show that our proposed approach can achieve on average 30% in power reduction and 32% in power performance reduction. The major contribution of this paper is that it presents practical proofs to verify that our proposed Block-XOR PB-CAM system can achieve greater power reduction without the need for a special CAM cell design. This implies that our approach is more flexible and adaptive for general designs

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this project is to Automate unmanned railway gate using mechatronics.

Project Definition:

The objective of this project is to manage the control system of railway gate using the microcontroller. When train arrives at the sensing point alarm is triggered at the railway crossing point so that the people get intimation that gate is going to be closed. Then the control system activates and closes the gate on either side of the track. once the train crosses the other end control system automatically lifts the gate. For mechanical operation of the gates 1.8 step angle stepper motors are employed. Here we are using embedded controller built around the 8051 family (AT89C52) for the control according to the data pattern produced at the input port of the micro controller, the appropriate selected action will be taken.. The logic is produced by the program written in Embedded C language. The software program is written, by using the KEIL micro vision environment. The program written is then converted in HEX code after simulation and burned on to microcontroller using FLASH micro vision.


WORKING METHODOLOGY:

Present project is designed using 8051 microcontroller to avoid railway accidents happening at unattended railway gates, if implemented in spirit. This project utilizes two powerful IR transmitters and two receivers; one pair of transmitter and receiver is fixed at up side (from where the train comes) at a level higher than a human being in exact alignment and similarly the other pair is fixed at down side of the train direction. Sensor activation time is so adjusted by calculating the time taken at a certain speed to cross at least one compartment of standard minimum size of the Indian railway. We have considered 5 seconds for this project. Sensors are fixed at 1km on both sides of the gate. We call the sensor along the train direction as ‘foreside sensor’ and the other as ‘after side sensor’. When foreside receiver gets activated, the gate motor is turned on in one direction and the gate is closed and stays closed until the train crosses the gate and reaches aft side sensors. When aft side receiver gets activated motor turns in opposite direction and gate opens and motor stops. Buzzer will immediately sound at the fore side receiver activation and gate will close after 5 seconds, so giving time to drivers to clear gate area in order to avoid trapping between the gates and stop sound after the train has crossed.

GATE CONTROL

Railways being the cheapest mode of transportation are preferred over all the other means .When we go through the daily newspapers we come across many railway accidents occurring at unmanned railway crossings. This is mainly due to the carelessness in manual operations or lack of workers. We, in this project has come up with a solution for the same. Using simple electronic components we have tried to automate the control of railway gates. As a train approaches the railway crossing from either side, the sensors placed at a certain distance from the gate detects the approaching train and accordingly controls the operation of the gate. Also an indicator light has been provided to alert the motorists about the approaching train.

Introduction:

The objective of this project is to manage the control system of railway gate using the microcontroller. When train arrives at the sensing point alarm is triggered at the railway crossing point so that the people get intimation that gate is going to be closed. Then the control system activates and closes the gate on either side of the track. once the train crosses the other end control system automatically lifts the gate. For mechanical operation of the gates 1.8 step angle stepper motors are employed. Here we are using embedded controller built around the 8051 family (AT89C52) for the control according to the data pattern produced at the input port of the micro controller, the appropriate selected action will be taken.. The logic is produced by the program written in Embedded C language. The software program is written, by using the KEIL micro vision environment. The program written is then converted in HEX code after simulation and burned on to microcontroller using FLASH micro vision.

AT89C51 Microcontroller

The Micro controller (AT89C51) is a low power; high performance CMOS 8-bit micro controller with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer, which provides a highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. By using this controller the data inputs from the smart card is passed to the parallel port of the pc and accordingly the software responds. The IDE for writing the embedded program used is KEI L software.

Keil Micro vision Integrated Development Environment.

Keil Software development tools for the 8051 micro controller family support every level of developer from the professional applications engineer to the student just learning about embedded software development.The industry-standard Keil C Compilers, Macro Assemblers, Debuggers, Real-time Kernels, and Single-board Computers support ALL 8051-compatible derivatives and help you get your projects completed on schedule.

The source code is written in assembly language .It is saved as ASM file with an extension. A51.the ASM file is converted into hex file using keil software. Hex file is dumped into micro controller using LABTOOL software. At once the file is dumped and the ROM is burnt then it becomes an embedded one.

Step Motor Advantages

Step motors convert electrical energy into precise mechanical motion. These motors rotate a specific incremental distance per each step. The number of steps executed controls the degree of rotation of the motor’s shaft. This characteristic makes step motors excellent for positioning applications. For example, a 1.8° step motor executing 100 steps will rotate exactly 180° with some small amount of non-cumulative error. The speed of step execution controls the rate of motor rotation. A 1.8° step motor executing steps at a speed of 200 steps per second will rotate at exactly 1 revolution per second.

Step motors can be very accurately controlled in terms of how far and how fast they will rotate. The number of steps the motor executes is equal to the number of pulse commands it is given. A step motor will rotate a distance and at a rate that is proportional to the number and frequency of its pulse commands.

Step motors have several advantages over other types of motors. One of the most impressive is their ability to position very accurately. NMB’s standard step motors have an accuracy of +/-5%. The error does not accumulate from step to step. This means that a standard step motor can take a single step and travel 1.8° +/-0.09°. Then it can take one million steps and travel 1,800,000° +/-0.09°. This characteristic gives a step motor almost perfect repeatability. In motor terms, repeatability is the ability to return to a previously held position. A step motor can achieve the same target position, revolution after revolution.

COMPONENTS

The project consists of three main parts:

• 8051 microcontroller

• IR Transmitter

• IR Receiver

• Stepper Motor Circuit

• 8051 CONTROLLER

The I/O ports of the 8051 are expanded by connecting it to an 8255 chip. The 8255 is programmed as a simple I/O port for connection with devices such as LEDs, stepper motors and sensors.

The following block diagram shows the various devices connected to the different ports of an 8255. The ports are each 8-bit and are named A, B and C. The individual ports of the 8255 can be programmed to be input or output, and can be changed dynamically. The control register is programmed in simple I/O mode with port A, port B and port C (upper) as output ports and port C (lower) as an input port.

IR CIRCUITS

This circuit has two stages: a transmitter unit and a receiver unit. The transmitter unit consists of an infrared LED and its associated circuitry.

IR TRANSMITTER

The IR LED emitting infrared light is put on in the transmitting unit. To generate IR signal, 555 IC based astable multivibrator is used. Infrared LED is driven through transistor BC 548. IC 555 is used to construct an astable multivibrator which has two quasi-stable states. It generates a square wave of frequency 38kHz and amplitude 5Volts. It is required to switch ‘ON’ the IR LED.

IR RECEIVER:

The receiver unit consists of a sensor and its associated circuitry. In receiver section, the first part is a sensor, which detects IR pulses transmitted by IR-LED. Whenever a train crosses the sensor, the output of IR sensor momentarily transits through a low state. As a result the monostable is triggered and a short pulse is applied to the port pin of the 8051 microcontroller. On receiving a pulse from the sensor circuit, the controller activates the circuitry required for closing and opening of the gates and for track switching. The IR receiver circuit is shown in the figure below.

STEP MOTOR ADVANTAGES

Step motors convert electrical energy into precise mechanical motion. These motors rotate a specific incremental distance per each step. The number of steps executed controls the degree of rotation of the motor’s shaft. This characteristic makes step motors excellent for positioning applications. For example, a 1.8° step motor executing 100 steps will rotate exactly 180° with some small amount of non-cumulative error. The speed of step execution controls the rate of motor rotation. A 1.8° step motor executing steps at a speed of 200 steps per second will rotate at exactly 1 revolution per second.

Step motors can be very accurately controlled in terms of how far and how fast they will rotate. The number of steps the motor executes is equal to the number of pulse commands it is given. A step motor will rotate a distance and at a rate that is proportional to the number and frequency of its pulse commands.

Step motors have several advantages over other types of motors. One of the most impressive is their ability to position very accurately. NMB’s standard step motors have an accuracy of +/-5%. The error does not accumulate from step to step. This means that a standard step motor can take a single step and travel 1.8° +/-0.09°. Then it can take one million steps and travel 1,800,000° +/-0.09°. This characteristic gives a step motor almost perfect repeatability. In motor terms, repeatability is the ability to return to a previously held position. A step motor can achieve the same target position, revolution after revolution.

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Introduction:

An Embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function.

Embedded systems are usually a part of larger, complex system. Dedicated applications, designed to execute specific activities, are implemented and embedded in systems. These embedded applications are required to collaborate with the other components of an enclosed system. Embedded application components interact mostly with the non-human external environment. They continuously collect data from sensors or other computer components and process data within real-time constraints. Embedded systems are usually associated with dedicated hardware and specific software.

• Embedding an application into system

• Application and system are closely tied together

• Collaborative application

• Dedicated H/W and specific S/W

• Interaction with non-human external environment

• Real-time systems are embedded systems

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A VLSI PROGRESSIVE CODING FOR WAVELET-BASED IMAGE COMPRESSION

Description of the Project:- This paper describes the hardware design flow of lifting based 2-D Forward Discrete Wavelet Transform (FDWT) processor for JPEG 2000. In order to build high quality image of JPEG 2000 codec, an effective 2-D FDWT algorithm has been performed on input image file to get the decomposed image...

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Automatic Railway Gate Control System - Electronics Project

Description of the Project:- Content-addressable memory (CAM) is a special type of computer Memory used in certain very high speed searching applications. It is also known as associative memory, associative storage, or associative array. Content-addressable memory (CAM) is frequently used in applications, such...

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                Description of the Online Examination Project:-

1. Purpose:

. This Web Application provides facility to conduct online examination world wide.

. It saves time as it allows number of students to give the exam at a time and displays the results as the test gets over, so no need to wait for the result. It is automatically generated by the server.

. Administrator has a privilege to create, modify and delete the test papers and its particular questions.

. User can register, login and give the test with his specific id, and can see the results as well.

What are the user’s demonstrable needs?

User needs a web-based system, which will remove all the above-mentioned Problems that, the user is facing. The user wants a web-based system, which will reduce the bulk of paperwork, provide ease of work, flexibility, fast record finding, modifying, adding, removing and generating the reports.

How can the problem be redefined?

We proposed our perception of the system, in accordance with the problems of existing system by making a full layout of the system on paper. We tallied the problems and needs by existing system and requirements. We were further updating in the layout in the basis of redefined the problems. In feasibility study phase we had undergone through various steps, which are described as under:

How feasible is the system proposed? This was analyzed by comparing the following factors with both the existing system and proposed system.

The cost required in the proposed system is comparatively less to the existing system.

Compared to the existing system the proposed system will provide a better working environment in which their will be ease of work and the effort required will be comparatively less than the existing system.

Time

Also the time required generating a report or for doing any other work will be comparatively very less than in the existing system. Record finding and updating will take less time than the existing system.

Labor

In the existing system the number of staff required for completing the work is more while the new system will require quite less number of staff.

Specification Report

System Interface

Application would be a self-contained system. It will not access data of any other application nor will other application have access to its data.

User Interface Application will be accessed thr

ough a Browser Interface. The interface would be viewed best using 1024 x 768 and 800 x 600 pixels resolution setting. The software would be fully compatible with Microsoft Internet Explorer for version 6 and above. No user would be able The system should be accessed over LAN or WAN. For Clients to access application server the network should be running TCP/IP protocol.

Operations

Client Side

Interactive operations using options provided in the application, Example Data Entry generation and viewing of reports.

Server Side

Database backup should be taken every day. In case of data base crash, last backup should be restored.

User Characteristics

The end user of the software can be divided into two categories Administrator: Access to master forms for the purpose of data entry and generation of reports.

Operator: Access to his corresponding records and giving examination only.

The first problem is that there are loads of hard copied documents being generated. This brings us to the age-old discussion of keeping information in the form databases versus keeping the same on sheets of paper. Keeping the information in the form of hard-copied documents leads to the following problems:

I. Lack of space – It becomes a problem in itself to find space to keep the sheets of paper being generated as a result of the ongoing discussion. The documents being generated are too important to be ill-treated.

II. Filing poses a problem – Filing the documents categorically is a time consuming and tedious exercise.

III. Filtering is not easy – It becomes hard to filter relevant documents for the irrelevant ones if the count of the same crosses a certain manageable number.

IV. Reviewing becomes time-consuming –

All the process done manually at the centers and all the records are maintained on the papers. So the maintenance of the record is very difficult in the departments and as well as it’s very difficult for the workers to check the record. The Existing system is paper based, time consuming, monotonous, less flexible and provides a very hectic working schedule. The chance of loss of records is high and also record searching is difficult. Maintenance of the system is also very difficult and takes lot of time.

v. Result Processing is slow due to paper work and requirement of staff.

Conclusion This Web Application provides facility to conduct online examination world wide. It saves time as it allows number of students to give the exam at a time and displays the results as the test gets over, so no need to wait for the result. It is automatically generated by the server.

Administrator has a privilege to create, modify and delete the test papers and its particular questions. User can register, login and give the test with his specific id, and can see the results as well.

PHP, or PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, is a widely used, general-purpose scripting language that was originally designed for web development, to produce dynamic web pages. PHP is the widely-used, free, and efficient alternative to competitors such as Microsoft's ASP. All types of open source PHP code and applications are available on Open Source Scripts.

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor is a widely used, general-purpose scripting language that was originally designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages. For this purpose, PHP code is embedded into the HTML source document and interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module, which generates the web page document. As a general-purpose programming language, PHP code is processed by an interpreter application in command-line mode performing desired operating system operations and producing program output on its standard output channel. It may also function as a graphical application. PHP is available as a processor for most modern web servers and as standalone interpreter on most operating systems and computing platforms.

The PHP Documentation Framework

The PHP documentation is written in XML using the DocBook DTD. If you would like to contribute to the PHP documentation project, you need to at least know the very basics of XML and DocBook.

The XML files are stored on a central server, and can be reached with a SVN client. There are many SVN clients you can use, although we recommend one command line tool or a proven WYSIWYG tool.

You will need more programs and tools to manipulate the XML files and test their content for errors. The tools you need depend on the operating system you use. Linux or some sort of Unix is recommended, although many things in phpdoc work on Windows. You will find more information about the tools you need in the tools section.

MySQL is a database.

The data in MySQL is stored in database objects called tables.

A table is a collection of related data entries and it consists of columns and rows.

Databases are useful when storing data into server. A company may have a database with the following tables: "Employees", "Products", "Customers" and "Orders".

Basic object-oriented programming functionality was added in PHP 3 and improved in PHP 4. Object handling was completely rewritten for PHP 5, expanding the feature set and enhancing performance. In previous versions of PHP, objects were handled like value types. The drawback of this method was that the whole object was copied when a variable was assigned or passed as a parameter to a method. In the new approach, objects are referenced by handle, and not by value. PHP 5 introduced private and protected member variables and methods, along with abstract classes and final classes as well as abstract methods and final methods. It also introduced a standard way of declaring constructors and destructors, similar to that of other object-oriented languages such as C++, and a standard exception handling model. Furthermore, PHP 5 added interfaces and allowed for multiple interfaces to be implemented. There are special interfaces that allow objects to interact with the runtime system. Objects implementing ArrayAccess can be used with array syntax and objects implementing Iterator or IteratorAggregate can be used with the foreach language construct. There is no virtual table feature in the engine, so static variables are bound with a name instead of a reference at compile time.

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Description of the Project:-


The web based “airline reservation system” project is an attempt to stimulate the basic concepts of airline reservation system. The system enables the customer to do the things such as search for airline flights for two travel cities on a specified date, choose a flight based on the details, reservation of flight and cancellation of reservation.

The system allows the airline passenger to search for flights that are available between the two travel cities, namely the “Departure city” and “Arrival city” for a particular departure and arrival dates. The system displays all the flight’s details such as flight no, name, price and duration of journey etc.

After search the system display list of available flights and allows customer to choose a particular flight. Then the system checks for the availability of seats on the flight. If the seats are available then the system allows the passenger to book a seat. Otherwise it asks the user to choose another flight.

To book a flight the system asks the customer to enter his details such as name, address, city, state, credit card number and contact number. Then it checks the validity of card and book the flight and update the airline database and user database. The system also allows the customer to cancel his/her reservation, if any problem occurs.

The main purpose of this software is to reduce the manual errors involved in the airline reservation process and make it convenient for the customers to book the flights as when they require such that they can utilize this software to make reservations, modify reservations or cancel a particular reservation.

1.2 SCOPE

The name of the software is “AIRLINE RESERVATION SYSTEM”. This software provides options for viewing different flights available with different timings for a particular date and provides customers with the facility to book a ticket, modify or cancel a particular reservation but it does not provide the customers with details of cost of the ticket and it does not allow the customer to modify a particular part of his reservation and he/she can modify all his details.

1.3 DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ARS-Airline Reservation System
LAN-Local Area Network
GUI-Graphical User Interface
OS-Operating System
RAM-Random Access Memory
MB-Mega Bytes
GB-Giga Bytes
Mbps-Mega bits per second
HDD-Hard Disk Drive

1.4 REFERENCES

The books and materials referred during the pre-development stages of the project include 1. Software Engineering-A Practitioner’s Approach

1.By Roger S. Pressman

2. Software Engineering-By James Peters

1.5 OVERVIEW

The rest of the document deals about all the main features of this software each will its purpose and its main functions. It also gives details about the interface with other products and related functionality of each product.

2. OVERALL DESCRIPTION

2.1 PRODUCT PERSPECTIVE

The “ARS” software is an independent application. It is a self-contained product. The system interfaces, user interfaces and hardware interfaces related with this software are defined as follows.

2.1.1 System Interfaces

The client systems should be able to share the data available in the data base through the network connection.

2.1.2 User Interfaces

The screen formats and menu structure should be in such a way that even have users will find it easy to use. The product must be use-friendly and very inter-active. The functionality provided by the system like displaying error messages should adapt itself to the different users of the software.

2.1.3 Hardware Interfaces

2.1.4 Software Interfaces

Name of the language: Visual Basics

2.1.5 Communication Interfaces

There is an LAN used for communication among the different client systems to be used.

2.1.6 Memory Constraints

The system would require disk space of 10 GB and a 256 MB HDD and 64 MB RAM for client systems.

2.1.7 Operation

The users can first make a reservation in a particular flight for a particular date and time. The system provides the customer with a pin code which gives him access to either make any changes in his reservation or cancel a reservation. These must also be back up of data to enable any easy recovery from any features.

2.1.8 Site Adaptive Requirements

The “ARS” software is an independent and self-contained product and no modification are required to adapt to a particular installation.

2.2 PRODUCT FUNCTIONS

The major functions include

• Providing flight details

• Flight bookings for a particular destination, date and time and also providing with a pin code.

• Allowing the customer to modify or cancel his reservation provided the correct pin code is given.

• Displaying a report of the number of people flying in a particular flight.

2.3 USER CHARACTERISTICS


No technical experience is required basic knowledge of handling system is sufficient.

2.4 CONSTRAINTS

• Regulatory policies: It is a mandatory that no text book must be left empty or contains insufficient data.

• Hardware limitations: There must be a 64 MB on board memory

• Control functions: The software must be very user-friendly and display appropriate error messages.

• Interfaces to other applications: Not applicable.

• Parallel operations: It must support many users simultaneously.

• Reliability requirements: Data redundancy and use of special/blank characters must be avoided.

• Safety/security considerations: The application must be exited always normally.

• Higher order language requirements: VB

2.5 ASSUMPTIONS AND DEPENDENCIES

It is assumed that the details of the cost of ticket are already known to the customer. Future changes like providing different types of flights with different classes like business class, economic class will allow the customers to benefit from one facility.

2.6 APPORTIONING OF REQUIREMENTS

The necessity of providing options to customer to choose their seat or to choose for economic or business class can be delayed until future versions of the software are developed

3. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

3.1 EXTERNAL INTERFACE REQUIREMENTS

3.1.1 User Interfaces

The interface must be easy to understand. The user interface includes • SCREEN FORMATS/ORGANIZATION: The introductory screen will be the first to be displayed which will allow the users to choose either of the two options, viewing flight detail or booking a ticket.

• WINDOW FORMAT/ORGANIZATION: When the user chooses some other option, then the information pertaining to that choice will be displayed in a new window which ensures multiple windows to be visible on the screen and the users can switch between them.

• DATA FORMAT: The data entered by the users will be alpha numeric.

• END MESSAGES: When there are some exceptions raising error like entering invalid details, then error messages will be displayed prompting the users to re-enter the details.

What is JAVA ?

Java is an entire programming language resembling C or C++. It takes a sophisticated programmer to create Java code. And it requires a sophisticated programmer to maintain it. With Java, you can create complete applications. Or you can attach a small group of instructions, a Java "applet" that improves your basic HTML. A Java Applet can also cause text to change color when you roll over it. A game, a calendar, a scrolling text banner can all be created with Java Applets. There are sometimes compatibility problems between Java and various browsers, operating systems or computers, and if not written correctly, it can be slow to load. Java is a powerful programming language with excellent security, but you need to be aware of the tradeoffs.

What is JSP ?

Short for Java Server Page. A server-side technology, Java Server Pages are an extension to the Java servlet technology that was developed by Sun. JSPs have dynamic scripting capability that works in tandem with HTML code, separating the page logic from the static elements -- the actual design and display of the page -- to help make the HTML more functional(i.e. dynamic database queries). A JSP is translated into Java servlet before being run, and it processes HTTP requests and generates responses like any servlet. However, JSP technology provides a more convenient way to code a servlet. Translation occurs the first time the application is run. A JSP translator is triggered by the .jsp file name extension in a URL. JSPs are fully interoperable with servlets. You can include output from a servlet or forward the output to a servlet, and a servlet can include output from a JSP or forward output to a JSP. JSPs are not restricted to any specific platform or server. It was orignially created as an alternative to Microsoft's ASPs (Active Server Pages). Recently, however, Microsoft has countered JSP technology with its own ASP.NET, part of the .NET initiative.

What is JavaScript ?

When new technologies start, they sometimes acquire names that will be confusing in the future. That's the case with JavaScript. JavaScript is not 'Java'. JavaScript is a simple programming language that was developed by Netscape that writes commands to your browser when the HTML page is loaded. Note: you can have compatibility issues with Java Script, especially in newer versions of Browsers.

What is Java:

Java is a simple, distributed object oriented programming language which provides the security, High performance, robustness.

Java is a portable and Architectural neutral language which can be Interpreted.

Java is multithreaded and Dynamic language.

About Java:

Java is a Programming language originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java Platform. The language derives much of its Syntax from c and C++ but has a simpler object Model and fewer low-level facilities. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode(class file) that can run on any Java Virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture.

Why Software Developers Choose Java:

Java with its versatilty, efficiency, and portability, Java has become invaluable to developers by enabling them to:

• Write software on one platform and run it on virtually any other platform

• Create programs to run within a Web browser and Web services

• Develop server-side applications for online forums, stores, polls, HTML forms processing, and more

• Combine applications or services using the Java language to create highly customized applications or services

• Write powerful and efficient applications for mobile phones, remote processors, low-cost consumer products, and practically any other device with a digital heartbeat.

G:oals in creation of Java

There were five primary goals in the creation of the Java language

1. It should be "simple, object oriented".

2. It should be "robust and secure".

3. It should be "architecture neutral and portable".

4. It should execute with "high performance".

5. It should be "interpreted, threaded, and dynamic".

Architecture of Java:

Java's architecture arises out of four distinct but interrelated technologies: 

• The Java programming language

• The Java class file format

• The Java Application Programming Interface

• The Java virtual machine

When you write and run a Java program, you are tapping the power of these four technologies. You express the program in source files written in the Java programming language, compile the source to Java class files, and run the class files on a Java virtual machine. When you write your program, you access system resources (such as I/O, for example) by calling methods in the classes that implement the Java Application Programming Interface, or Java API. As your program runs, it fulfills your program's Java API calls by invoking methods in class files that implement the Java API.

The Java Virtual Machine

At the heart of Java's network-orientation is the Java virtual machine, which supports all three prongs of Java's network-oriented architecture: platform independence, security, and network-mobility.

A Java virtual machine's main job is to load class files and execute the bytecodes they contain. As you can see in Figure 1-3, the Java virtual machine contains a class loader, which loads class files from both the program and the Java API. Only those class files from the Java API that are actually needed by a running program are loaded into the virtual machine. The bytecodes are executed in an execution engine.

Coding standard

Java suggests set of coding standard to follow while writing java program. Coding standard helps author as well as others to better understand program. It reduce amount of debugging time considerably. Basically coding standard suggests how to name class, methods variables of different scope, package etc.

Writing a Java program

In the Java programming language, all source code is first written in plain text files ending with the .java extension. Those source files are then compiled into .class files by the javac compiler. A .class file does not contain code that is native to your processor; it instead contains bytecodes — the machine language of the Java Virtual Machine1 (Java VM). The java launcher tool then runs your application with an instance of the Java Virtual Machine.

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Application functions:-

create account
update account
change pin
transaction
all data should be saved to the data base

Bank Management System is based on dot NET and is a major project fro students.It is used to Keep the records of clients,employee etc in Bank.The bank management system is an application for maintaining a personâ„¢s account in a bank .

The system provides the access to the customer to create an account, deposit/withdraw the cash from his account, also to view reports of all accounts present

The following presentation provides the specification for the syste

Aim

To develop a software for solving financial applications of a customer in banking environment in order to nurture the needs of an end banking user by providing various ways to perform banking tasks. Also to enable the userâ„¢s workspace to have additional functionalities which are not provided under a conventional banking software.

Banking Management System thus ensures smooth operation of the Real-Estate management tasks as well as keep the information about the employees and their salary.

Details of the project:-The project is divided into eleven modules such as:

Homepage: This module represents the total system of banking.

Customer: This module represents how the customers are transaction with bank.

Transaction: This module represents how the transactions are doing everyday.

Holidays: These module represents lists of holidays are available within in banking system.

Branches: This module represents how many branches are present in orissa.

Login : This module represents how a new user enter the banking application and doing there transactions details.

Logout: This module represents logout the banking organization.

Bank is the place where customers feel the sense of safety for their property. In the bank, customers deposit and withdraw their money. Transaction of money also is a part where customer takes shelter of the bank. Now to keep the belief and trust of customers, there is the positive need for management of the bank, which can handle all this with comfort and ease. Smooth and efficient management affects the satisfaction of the customers and staff members, indirectly. And of course, it encourages management committee in taking some needed decision for future enhancement of the bank.

Now a days, managing a bank is tedious job upto certain limit. So software that reduces the work is essential. Also today’s world is a genuine computer world and is getting faster and faster day-by-day. Thus, considering above necessities, the software for bank management has became necessary which would be useful in managing the bank more efficiently.

. Our software will perform and fulfill all the tasks that any customer would desire.

. Our motto is to develop a software program for managing the entire bank process related to customer accounts, employee accounts and to keep each every track about their property and their various transaction processes efficiently.

. Hereby, our main objective is the customer’s satisfaction considering today’s faster world.

In the recent years, computers are included in almost all kind of works and jobs everyone come across in the routine. The availability of the software’s for almost every process or every system has taken the world in its top-gear and fastens the day-to-day life.

What Is .NET ?

This chapter gives you an introduction to the .NET technology and explains what is .NET.

.NET is a major technology change for Microsoft and the software world. Just like the computer world moved from DOS to Windows, now they are moving to .NET. But don't be surprised if you find anyone saying that "I do not like .NET and I would stick with the good old COM and C++". There are still lot of people who like to use the bullock-cart instead of the latest Honda car.

The simple answer is 'it is the technology from Microsoft, on which all other Microsoft technologies will be depending on in future.'.

.NET technology was introduced by Microsoft, to catch the market from the SUN's Java. Few years back, Microsoft had only VC++ and VB to compete with Java, but Java was catching the market very fast. With the world depending more and more the Internet/Web and java related tools becoming the best choice for the web applications, Microsoft seemed to be loosing the battle. Thousands ofprogrammers moved to java from VC++ and VB. This was alarming for Microsoft and many of the Microsoft fan's kept on asking "is Microsoft sleeping?". And Microsoft had the answer. One fine morning, they announced : "We are not sleeping. We have the answer for you.". And that answer was .NET.

But Microsoft has a wonderful history of starting late but catching up quickly. This is true in case of .NET too. Microsoft put their best men at work for a secret project called Next Generation Windows Services (NGWS)., under the direct supervision of Mr. Bill Gates. The outcome of the project is what we now know as .NET. Even though .NET has borrowed most of it's ideas from Sun's J2EE, it has really outperformed their competitors.

Microsoft's VC++ was a powerful tool. But it was too complex. It has too many datatypes, and developers had to learn many libraries including WIndows SDK, MFC, ATL, COM etc. There were many datatype compatibility issues while exchanging data between different layers. Visual Basic was too easy, and many serious programmers hated it just for that reason. Even though Visual basic was very easy to use, it was not very flexible to develop serious applications. SUN's Java became a very good choice for these reasons. It had the flixibility and power of C++ and at the same time easy enough to catch the attention of VB programmers.

Microsoft recognised these factors and they introducd the .NET considering all these factors. All unwanted complexities are eliminated and a pure object orientedprogramming model was introduced. This makes programmer's life very easy.

.NET framework comes with a single class library. And thats all programmers need to learn!! Whether they write the code in C# or VB.NET or J#, it doesn't matter, you just use the .NET class library. There is no classes specific to any language. There is nothing more you can do in a language, which you can't do in any other .NET language. You can write code in C# or VB.NET with the same number of lines of code, same performance and same efficiency, because eveyone uses same .NET class library.

What is .NET ?

# It is a platform neutral framework.

# Is a layer between the operating system and the programming language.

# It supports many programming languages, including VB.NET, C# etc.

# .NET provides a common set of class libraries, which can be accessed from any .NET based programming language. There will not be separate set of classes and libraries for each language. If you know any one .NET language, you can write code in any .NET language!!

# In future versions of Windows, .NET will be freely distributed as part of operating system and users will never have to install .NET separately.

What is Not ?

# .NET is not an operating system.

# .NET is not a programming language.

".NET is a framework"

Are you confused by this definition? Well, that is OK. It is really confusing! We cannot define .NET as a 'single thing'. It is a new, easy, and extensive programming platform. It is not a programming language, but it supports several programming languages. By default .NET comes with few programming languages including C# (C Sharp), VB.NET, J# and managed C++. .NET is a common platform for all the supported languages. It gives a common class library, which can be called from any of the supported languages. So, developers need not learn many libraries when they switch to a different language. Only the syntax is different for each language.

When you write code in any language and compile, it will be converted to an 'Intermediate Language' (Microsoft Intermediate Language - MSIL). So, your compiled executable contains the IL and not really executable machine language. When the .NET application runs, the .NET framework in the target computer take care of the execution. (To run a .NET application, the target computer should have .NET framework installed.) The .NET framework converts the calls to .NET class libraries to the corresponding APIs of the Operating system.

Whether you write code in C# or VB.NET, you are calling methods in the same .NET class libraries. The same .NET framework executes the C# and VB.NET applications. So, there won't be any performance difference based on the language you write code.



What is Visual Studio.NET ?

Many people always get confused with Visual Studio .NET (VS.NET) and .NET technology. VS.NET is just an editor, provided by Microsoft to help developers write .NET programs easily. VS.NET editor automatically generates lot of code, allows developers to drag and drop controls to a form, provide short cuts to compile and build the application etc. VS.NET is not a required thing to do .NET programming. You can simply use a notepad or any other simple editor to write your .NET code!!! And you can compile your .NET programs from the command prompt.

Well, what I said is true theoretically.. but if you decide to use notepad for .NET programming, by the time you develop few sample applications, Microsoft would have introduced some other new technology and .NET would be outdated. You may not want that. So, let us go by VS.NET, just like every other .NET guys.

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Download Project: Click here

Description of the Web Traffic Analyzer :- DOWNLOAD PROJECT


Purpose of the project:

The purpose of this seminar report is to discuss issues related to traffic in Internet. As we know today's computing world mostly rely on Internet for its day-to-day activity. Almost each organization in world use Internet for its operation. But as Internet provides limited resources, there is a sort of competition of accessing resources. It provides traffic in the Internet. If this traffic is not handled carefully then it will result in congestion. So one must consider the facts related measuring and handling Internet traffic. Measuring the traffic of Internet can start this traffic management. Anglicizing of output of previous step may provide good simulation. This further useful to model traffic and use certain ways to provide good traffic management. Traffic management is key for quality of service. So one must consider the importance of work in this field. As in real world traffic inspectors control the vehicle traffic on the roads, same in Internet this work is done by traffic engineers. They control the traffic to provide best quality of service.

What is Internet traffic?

While discussing the issues of Internet traffic one must clear his concept about Internet traffic. Internet traffic can be defined in number of ways. But in simplestlanguage we can define it as the density of data present in the Internet. In Internet then there are lots of communication devices accessing resources and getting request to carry out their work. Other type of communication devices may busy to respond the request by these devices. So there is lot of information exchange in Internet in form of request, response and control data. This data can produce an huge number of packets in Internet. Transforming such large data may cause load, which results slow down the operations of communication devices. Due to this other devices may get delay in communication activities. This ultimately results in congestion of Internet. This can be simple description of Internet traffic. In other words we can say that Internet traffic is load on communication devices or system.

Main Features of the Controller

1. Assumes equal traffic density on all the roads.
2. Allows the pedestrians to safely cross the road during certain periods.
3.Uses digital logic, can be easily implemented by using logic gates.
4. Is generalized and can be used for different roads with slight modification.
5. Can also be exercised manually when desired.

TRAFFIC DETECTION SYSTEMS STRUCTURE

Detector Processor/controller Storage

IMPORTANCE

Freeway Monitoring
Actuated Signal Control
Ramp Meter Control
Road Discipline Enforcement
Dynamic Traffic Assignment

Traffic DETECTOR TYPES:-

Inductive loops
Video
Microwave
Infrared
Acoustic
Radar
Magnetic
Radio frequency
Global positioning system (GPS)
Shares Of Detector Types at new ATMS Sites
working

Presently the most new detector types are compatible with loop detectors.

Using the loop detector speed of a vehicle can be estimated using the speed calculation algorithm.

Now lets see the Traffic queue detection using Image Processing.

After getting the images of the vehicle, they get analyzed.

The Parameters get measured are traffic volumes, speed, headways, inter vehicle gap, junction turning, origin and destination of traffic.

Stages Of Image Analysis

a. The Image Sensors Used
b. ADC Conversion
c. Pre-processing

Then the proposed picture is submitted to processor as 2-D array of numbers.

Two jobs to be done

a. Green light on

b. Red light on

Methods Of Vehicle detection

a. Background frame differencing

b. Inter frame differencing

c. Segmentation and classification

What Is .NET ?

This chapter gives you an introduction to the .NET technology and explains what is .NET.

.NET is a major technology change for Microsoft and the software world. Just like the computer world moved from DOS to Windows, now they are moving to .NET. But don't be surprised if you find anyone saying that "I do not like .NET and I would stick with the good old COM and C++". There are still lot of people who like to use the bullock-cart instead of the latest Honda car.

The simple answer is 'it is the technology from Microsoft, on which all other Microsoft technologies will be depending on in future.'.

.NET technology was introduced by Microsoft, to catch the market from the SUN's Java. Few years back, Microsoft had only VC++ and VB to compete with Java, but Java was catching the market very fast. With the world depending more and more the Internet/Web and java related tools becoming the best choice for the web applications, Microsoft seemed to be loosing the battle. Thousands of programmers moved to java from VC++ and VB. This was alarming for Microsoft and many of the Microsoft fan's kept on asking "is Microsoft sleeping?". And Microsoft had the answer. One fine morning, they announced : "We are not sleeping. We have the answer for you.". And that answer was .NET.

But Microsoft has a wonderful history of starting late but catching up quickly. This is true in case of .NET too. Microsoft put their best men at work for a secret project called Next Generation Windows Services (NGWS)., under the direct supervision of Mr. Bill Gates. The outcome of the project is what we now know as .NET. Even though .NET has borrowed most of it's ideas from Sun's J2EE, it has really outperformed their competitors.

Microsoft's VC++ was a powerful tool. But it was too complex. It has too many datatypes, and developers had to learn many libraries including WIndows SDK, MFC, ATL, COM etc. There were many datatype compatibility issues while exchanging data between different layers. Visual Basic was too easy, and many serious programmers hated it just for that reason. Even though Visual basic was very easy to use, it was not very flexible to develop serious applications. SUN's Java became a very good choice for these reasons. It had the flixibility and power of C++ and at the same time easy enough to catch the attention of VB programmers.

Microsoft recognised these factors and they introducd the .NET considering all these factors. All unwanted complexities are eliminated and a pure object orientedprogramming model was introduced. This makes programmer's life very easy.

.NET framework comes with a single class library. And thats all programmers need to learn!! Whether they write the code in C# or VB.NET or J#, it doesn't matter, you just use the .NET class library. There is no classes specific to any language. There is nothing more you can do in a language, which you can't do in any other .NET language. You can write code in C# or VB.NET with the same number of lines of code, same performance and same efficiency, because eveyone uses same .NET class library.

What is .NET ?

# It is a platform neutral framework.

# Is a layer between the operating system and the programming language.

# It supports many programming languages, including VB.NET, C# etc.

# .NET provides a common set of class libraries, which can be accessed from any .NET based programming language. There will not be separate set of classes and libraries for each language. If you know any one .NET language, you can write code in any .NET language!!

# In future versions of Windows, .NET will be freely distributed as part of operating system and users will never have to install .NET separately.

What is Not ?

# .NET is not an operating system.

# .NET is not a programming language.

".NET is a framework"

Are you confused by this definition? Well, that is OK. It is really confusing! We cannot define .NET as a 'single thing'. It is a new, easy, and extensive programming platform. It is not a programming language, but it supports several programming languages. By default .NET comes with few programming languages including C# (C Sharp), VB.NET, J# and managed C++. .NET is a common platform for all the supported languages. It gives a common class library, which can be called from any of the supported languages. So, developers need not learn many libraries when they switch to a different language. Only the syntax is different for each language.

When you write code in any language and compile, it will be converted to an 'Intermediate Language' (Microsoft Intermediate Language - MSIL). So, your compiled executable contains the IL and not really executable machine language. When the .NET application runs, the .NET framework in the target computer take care of the execution. (To run a .NET application, the target computer should have .NET framework installed.) The .NET framework converts the calls to .NET class libraries to the corresponding APIs of the Operating system.

Whether you write code in C# or VB.NET, you are calling methods in the same .NET class libraries. The same .NET framework executes the C# and VB.NET applications. So, there won't be any performance difference based on the language you write code.

What is Visual Studio.NET ?

Many people always get confused with Visual Studio .NET (VS.NET) and .NET technology. VS.NET is just an editor, provided by Microsoft to help developers write .NET programs easily. VS.NET editor automatically generates lot of code, allows developers to drag and drop controls to a form, provide short cuts to compile and build the application etc. VS.NET is not a required thing to do .NET programming. You can simply use a notepad or any other simple editor to write your .NET code!!! And you can compile your .NET programs from the command prompt.

Well, what I said is true theoretically.. but if you decide to use notepad for .NET programming, by the time you develop few sample applications, Microsoft would have introduced some other new technology and .NET would be outdated. You may not want that. So, let us go by VS.NET, just like every other .NET guys.
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